The Impact of 28 Devastating Infectious Diseases :- Infectious diseases still exist today and have affected human history. Such contagious diseases are on many of our minds as the new coronavirus spreads over mainland China and other parts of the world. Here is a look at some of the worst of these epidemics, including the latest SARS, new coronavirus and Zika virus as well as Ebola and Dengue. 

1. The new coronavirus :-
   The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is a fresh coronavirus strain that initially surfaced in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. In China, the virus has caused more than 40,000 illnesses and 900 deaths as of February 10, 2020. The huge virus family known as coronaviruses is responsible for many respiratory diseases. These viruses are those that cause MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) and SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome).
2. Smallpox  :-
   Smallpox causes skin lesions, which emerged about 3000 years ago in India or Egypt before sweeping across the globe. According to the World Health Organization, the Variola virus, which causes smallpox, left up to a third of those it infected dead, while also leaving other victims with scars and blindness.  In 1980, the WHO declared the disease officially eradicated after a decade-long vaccination campaign. Facilities in the US and Russia are holding the virus’s final samples.
3. Plague :-
   There are three different types of the disease, but the most well-known is bubonic plague, which is distinguished by buboes, or painful enlarged lymph nodes. Plague can have a 50% to 60% fatality rate in people who are not treated, according to the WHO, even though the disease is treatable because of antibiotics introduced in the 1940s.
4. Malaria :-
   Malaria has devastated parts of Africa, although it is curable and preventable, where the illness causes 20% of all childhood deaths, citing the World Health Organization. A parasite carried by blood-sucking mosquitoes causes the disease, which is initially characterized by chills, fever and flu-like symptoms before progressing to more serious complications.
5. Influenza :-
   According to the World Health Organization, Flu, a seasonal respiratory infection is responsible for about 3 million to 5 million cases of severe illness and about 2,50,000 to 5,00,000 deaths per year across the globe. Some influenza viruses can cross species boundaries, as the recent swine flu and bird flu concerns showed.
6. Tuberculosis :-
   Potentially fatal TB or Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis which usually causes the signature bloody coughs and attacks the lungs. Up to one-third of the world’s population currently harbors the bacterium without exhibiting symptoms, and it does not always make those it infects sick. Additionally, 5% to 10% of those with TB infection (but not HIV) will get sick or spread an infection at some point in their lifespan.
7. HIV/AIDS :-
   HIV is a relatively new disease, in contrast to many of the worst offenders on this list, which have a lengthy history with humans. It was discovered in 1981 that specific immune system cells are decimated by HIV. HIV makes its victims more vulnerable to a wide range of opportunistic illnesses by weakening a portion of the immune system.
8. Cholera :-
   Acute diarrhea from cholera can be dangerous if not treated in a matter of hours. People contract the disease by consuming foods or beverages that carry the Vibrio cholerae bacterium. Through infected feces, the bacteria frequently contaminate food and water. Since it can take 12 hours to 5 days to show symptoms, People’s excrement can unintentionally transmit the disease.
9. Rabies :-
   The initial symptoms of rabies can be hard to detect in humans, as they mimic the flu including fever, discomfort and general weakness. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), when the disease progresses, patients may experience abnormal behavior, delirium, insomnia and hallucinations.
10. Pneumonia :-
    Pneumonia may not be as terrifying as illnesses like rabies or smallpox, but it can still be fatal, especially for anyone under the age of 5 or over 65. Inflammation of the air sacs in one or both lungs is a symptom of the illness of pneumonia. The air sacs may swell with fluid or pus (purulent material), which can cause breathing difficulties, a fever, chills, and a cough that produces pus or phlegm. The disease can be caused by a virus, bacteria or a combination of both. According to Dr. Sheetu Singh, a person can get pneumonia from a parasite, fungal infection or reactions to certain medicines.
11. Infectious Diarrhea :-
    The virus causes dehydration brought upon by severe vomiting and watery diarrhea. According to WHO, four Rotavirus vaccines are considered highly effective at preventing the disease. A potentially deadly diarrheal illness, rotavirus is the most frequent cause of viral gastroenteritis (inflammation of the stomach and intestines).
12. Ebola :-
    A healthy individual can get the Ebola virus by coming into contact with an infected person’s blood or secretions or by handling objects (such as clothing or bedding) that have been exposed to these fluids. The virus is passed from one person to another by bodily fluids. The virus spreads very rapidly, overcoming the body’s immune response and causing muscle pain, fever, weakness, headaches, diarrhea, abdominal pain and vomiting.
13. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease :-
    Humans can get VCJD when they eat beef from cows with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), a disease similar to VCJD that occurs in cattle. About 225 cases of vCJD were recorded in the UK and numerous other nations between 1996 and March 2011. According to WHO, individuals infected with VCJD tend to be younger than those infected with CJD.
14. Marburg :-
    The filamentous forms of the viral particles are the defining hallmark of the Filovirus family of viruses, which includes the Marburg virus. The Marburg virus disease (MVD), is spread from one person to another through bodily fluids much like Ebola. The Marburg virus can infect monkeys just like it does human beings.
15. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) :-
    The Middle East respiratory syndrome, or MERS, a viral respiratory disease that was initially discovered in 2012 in Saudi Arabia, turns out to be another lethal disease that is spread by bats, in addition to diseases like Ebola and Marburg. According to the WHO, MERs originated in bats, its major reservoir in the Middle East is likely dromedary camels.
16. Dengue :-
    According to the WHO and the CDC, mosquito-borne viruses of which dengue is one of many kill an estimated 50,000 people worldwide every year. Dengue is a disease that can be caused by one of four related viruses such as DENV 1, DENV 2, DENV 3 and DENV 4. Sometimes the virus causes severe dengue or dengue hemorrhagic fever, a potentially fatal consequence with symptoms including fever, stomach pain, vomiting, blood and problems breathing.
17. Yellow Fever :-
    Similar to dengue, yellow fever is a flavivirus and is transmitted from one person to another by mosquitoes. Jaundice or a yellowing of the skin and eyes, is a sign of the illness that is observed by a tiny number of those who are affected. According to the WHO, half of the patients who enter the toxic phase of yellow fever die within 7 to 10 days.
18. Hantaviruses :-
    Hantaviruses are spread to humans by rodents, particularly from rats and mice. People who come into contact with these animal’s bodily secretions directly or who breathe in virus-carrying aerosolized particles from those secretions may contract a hantavirus. Fever, vomiting, and dizziness are among the first signs of this illness, which is similar to HPS in that it can also result in kidney failure and bleeding.
19. Anthrax :-
    Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus Anthracis, It inhabits soil and typically infects domestic and wild animals, including goats, cattle, and sheep. The disease typically infects people when they come into contact with infected animals or animal products.
20. MRSA “Superbug” :-
    Shortened form of methicillin-resistant The staph bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, also known as MRSA, is capable of inflicting potentially fatal skin and bloodstream infections and is resistant to the majority of antibiotics used to treat these infections.
21. Pertussis :-
    The respiratory tract infection pertussis, widely known as whooping cough, is brought on by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Pertussis is dangerous for babies, who can experience apnea or pauses in breathing. 87% of people who died from whooping cough between 2000 and 2012 were babies less than 3 months old.
22. Tetanus :-
    Tetanus, an infection brought on by the bacteria Clostridium tetani, can be prevented by receiving the Tdap vaccine, which protects against pertussis. Tetanus-causing bacteria exist on the intestines of humans and animals as well as in dirt or soil (as well as objects left lying around in the dirt, like rusty nails) which they enter through the skin.
23. Meningitis :-
    Meningitis is the medical term for inflammation of the membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord, or meninges. Fungi, viruses, and bacteria are just a few of the possible causes of this contagious illness. Some people get meningitis after having brain surgery, suffering a head injury or having certain kinds of cancer.
24. Syphilis :-
    The sexually transmitted disease syphilis is relatively treatable, but if left untreated it can have devastating side effects. An individual’s genitalia or anus may develop sores in the early stages of the illness. Many people just ignore these sores or mistake them for ingrown hairs or blemishes as they are often small, painless and they heal on their own. The second phase of the disease is more noticeable and usually begins with a rash on one more part of the body.
25. SARS :-
    The virus responsible for the pandemics in 2002 and 2003 that killed more than 750 people globally is known as SARS. SARS is spread to people by bats much like the Marburg virus, Ebola viruses and MERS. According to the National Institutes of Health, the SARS virus likely originated in horseshoe bats in China.
26. Leprosy :-
    Leprosy is an infectious, chronic illness brought on by the Mycobacterium leprae bacteria. Leprosy, often known as Hansen’s illness after the Norwegian physician who discovered the causative microbe, has an impact on the eyes, upper respiratory system, peripheral nerves and skin.
27. Measles :-
    Measles, commonly known as rubeola, is one of the most contagious viral diseases that results in a recognizable red skin rash. There are additional signs of this viral illness that resemble cold symptoms.
28. Zika :-
    The Zika virus is a flavivirus spread by mosquitoes of the Aedes genus and was first discovered in Africa in 1947. For the majority of adults, Zika virus sickness is not extremely harmful, but it can have serious consequences for pregnancy and babies. Those who do get sick could have conjunctivitis (pink eye), rash, fever and joint discomfort, but these symptoms are often minor and only last a few days.

A 34-year-old female was presented with progressive dyspnea for one month. This was accompanied by short breath which lasted for the same period of a month. She has a history of unknown poisoning, for which she was put on a ventilator, following which she had a tracheostomy in April 2023. Shortness of breath is one of the major symptoms of this condition, as the disease becomes progressively chronic, it lasts longer than one month.

Post-intubation tracheal stenosis is the narrowing of the trachea for which tracheostomy is considered when all scopes are ruled out, also considering every complication which can arise post-surgery. 

Symptoms for this condition included the following: –

1. a) shortness of breath that worsens gradually
2. b) stridor i.e., respiratory sounds which resembled wheezing.

This 34-year-old female was taken for dilation of their air tubes using techniques such as bronchoscopy because of the following reasons:

1. a) CT scan of the neck and chest revealed the complexity of tracheal stricture. This reduced or narrowed the passage of air such as in the trachea.
2. b) Major reason for considering such procedures was the presence of 2 strictures one over the other, revealed in flexible bronchoscopy. Such conditions call for procedures like these.

Diagnosis of tracheal stenosis: –

The team of doctors and experts carried out a special screening of the lady to find out the medical history of the patient as she informed, them she had a history of unknown poisoning. 

 The tests included the following diagnostic measures: 

 a) LFT

 b) CT scan

 c) Chest X-ray 

Plan of surgery: –

Dr. Sheetu and the team wanted to perform CTVS surgery which is supposedly an ideal treatment for such conditions, but the patient refused for it in cold. Cardiothoracic and Vascular surgeries are surgeries of the heart, lungs, chest, oesophagus, and major vessels of our body which are affected by certain conditions that lead to abnormal functioning causing difficulties.

Due to lack of consent, another was brought forth as a replacement for surgery which is an ideal replacement for invasive techniques.

The plan included the widening of the tracheal tube using stents that dilated the airway causing troubled breathing.

The team of experts that included pulmonologists, scanning experts, and anaesthesiologists were together performing the entire process to aid relief to the lady.

Dr. Sheetu who is a well-known pulmonologist and chest expert with expertise in procedures such as bronchoscopy, helped her patient to get rid of troubled breathing patterns. She is a renowned health expert in her field with hands-on experience in a lot of surgeries relieving patients with histories of respiratory ailments. With a proper and precise diagnosis, followed by a well-structured treatment plan, her patients are handled well with required and effective treatment plans.

What was done? 

For this condition of tracheal stenosis, i.e., narrowed tracheal tube affecting the normal flow of air, we went with a rigid bronchoscope to obtain a clear view of airways and lungs.

The procedure was performed in the presence of anaesthesiologists to relieve the patient from any sort of pain during the process, but safe enough to avoid complications.

This was followed by the removal of unwanted tissues using electrocauterization, which dilated the tracheal stricture. This was followed by the use of CRE balloons for dilating the airway endoscopically. The entire process is well-monitored through the tubes producing a clear view of the air passages.

The dilation procedure is then followed by a self-expansive metallic stent called an SEM stent. The placement of these stents requires control in endoscopic methodology and thus is to be performed by a specialist in the field of such surgeries.

The procedure performed with high precision and efficacy requires monitoring and rehabilitation but does not require them to be admitted to the ICUs.

The female patient was observed for a day and was sent home on the second day of the completion of the procedure. However, regular follow-ups are advised for observing the growth in improvement to such difficulty in breathing patterns.

Conclusion: –

With regards to such non-invasive techniques, it is a blessing to save lives and give extra breaths to the patients owing to their medical ailments that require our efforts for the betterment of their lives. 

Dr. Sheetu and the team of health experts brought her life back to normal by bringing the abnormal breathing conditions causing troubled respiratory patterns, back to normal. It is beyond our imaginations sometimes the ways we can find certain problems that appear a dead end. 

As the name implies, a pulmonologist is a doctor who specialises in diagnosing and treating breathing problems. Asthma, lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,  sleep apnea, and many other respiratory illnesses are all within their scope of practice. They also offer preventative services, such as help quitting smoking and getting necessary vaccines. Pulmonologists frequently collaborate with other medical professionals to give their patients the best possible care.

If you’ve been looking for the greatest chest doctor in the area, your quest can end now that you’ve found Dr Sheetu Singh.

What does Dr Sheetu Singh do?

• Chest physicians perform a wide range of duties, including but not limited to the following: –
• Conduct physical examinations, order diagnostic tests, and evaluate results.
• Prescribe medications and other treatments.
• Monitor and manage patients’ progress.
• Inform patients and their families about their illness and available treatments.
• Give vaccinations and screen for potential health problems.
• Perform routine medical procedures.

Dr Sheetu Singh is the perfect solution if you’re looking for a top-notch chest specialist in Jaipur. 

Dr Sheetu Singh treats the following medical issues:

• Because asthma causes inflammation of the airways and a narrowing of the airways, it makes breathing difficult. If you have asthma, see Dr Sheetu Singh, the top chest doctor in Jaipur.
• COPD is a lung condition characterised by persistent inflammation that makes it difficult to breathe out completely. Dr Sheetu Singh is the top chest specialist doctor in Jaipur, and he can help you with your Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
• Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary condition in which thick mucus builds up in the lungs, making breathing difficult. Choose Dr Sheetu Singh if you need the best pulmonologist to treat Interstitial Lung Disease.
• Emphysema is a chronic lung illness that causes the lungs’ alveoli (air sacs) to die. If you have Emphysema and have looked into finding the best chest specialist, Dr Sheetu Singh is your best option.
• A group of lung diseases known together as interstitial lung disease are distinguished by injury to the lung’s interstitium and the space around the alveoli (the air sacs). Choose Dr Sheetu Singh if you need the best pulmonologist to treat Interstitial Lung Disease.
• Lung cancer, which develops from aberrant cell development in the lungs (often in the cells lining the air passageways), is one form of the deadly disease. Dr Sheetu Singh is the greatest chest specialist in the area and can help you with your lung cancer.
• When the upper airway collapses during sleep, a condition known as obstructive sleep apnea occurs. Dr. Sheetu Singh is the best doctor for chest treatment in Jaipur, therefore if you have obstructive sleep apnea, you should go visit him.
• Pulmonary hypertension, characterised by increased pressure within the pulmonary arteries, can cause shortness of breath, chest pain, and other symptoms. If you’re suffering from pulmonary hypertension, Dr Sheetu Singh is your best option for care.
• Tuberculosis is a contagious disease that predominantly affects the lungs but can manifest itself in other parts of the body as well. Constant coughing, chest pain, fever, night sweats, and decreased appetite are all symptoms. Dr Sheetu Singh, a top chest specialist, is available and ready to treat you for Tuberculosis.
• Bronchiectasis, an abnormal widening of the airways that causes chronic lung disease, infection, and trouble breathing. Visit Dr Sheetu Singh, the top pulmonary specialist in Jaipur, for care for your Bronchiectasis.
• Bronchitis, a condition characterised by a persistent cough brought on by the irritation, swelling, and mucus buildup of the trachea and bronchi (airways in the lungs). If you’re looking for the top Bronchitis and chest pain specialist in Jaipur, go no further than Dr Sheetu Singh.
• Pneumonia, an illness that makes your lung air sacs swell and fill with pus. If you have pneumonia, see Dr Sheetu Singh, the top chest doctor in Jaipur. 

When should you see Dr Sheetu Singh?

Suppose you have any of the following symptoms, including chest pain or discomfort, difficulty breathing, a persistent cough, fever, a hoarse voice, a wheezing sound coming from your chest, an ongoing chest infection, chest tightness, chest congestion, or a persistent wheezing sound. In that case, you should see Dr Sheetu Singh.

Dr Sheetu Singh is the top choice in the area if you need a specialist for your chest.

 When you see Dr Sheetu Singh, what can you anticipate?

You’ll get: –

• X-rays, CT scans, or pulmonary function tests.
• A discussion of your symptoms.
• A review of your medical history.
• A prognosis and recommended course of therapy.
• Recommendations for positive behavioural changes to enhance health.

If you need help with your lungs, why should you go to Dr Sheetu Singh?

Dr Sheetu Singh is a leading expert in diagnosing and treating lung illnesses. She guarantees the patient will receive thorough, sympathetic care. She is a pioneer in treating difficult diseases, and she handles some of the most serious and potentially fatal cases in the field of pulmonology.

More than 300 million people throughout the world suffer from asthma, thus the Global Initiative for Asthma established World Asthma Day to bring attention to the condition and encourage better asthma treatment in countries around the world.  People all across the world celebrate on the first Tuesday of May annually. Asthma Day was first celebrated globally on May 5, 1998. Many groups and individuals worldwide hold events and do acts of service in honor of this day. This page will provide comprehensive information about World Asthma Day 2024, including its origins, significance, and goals.

What Causes Asthma and How to Stop It

Breathlessness, chest tightness, wheezing, and chest tightness are all symptoms of asthma, a lung illness that produces recurring episodes. A persistent cough also worsens in the morning and at night. There is currently no known cure or explanation for the condition. There are, however, methods available for keeping the situation under control.

Cause

In certain circumstances, asthma is produced by a combination of genetic predisposition and inhalation of environmental chemicals that are not completely understood. Asthma can be triggered by various environmental and occupational factors, including but not limited to house dust, mites in beds, carpets, and stuffed furniture; pollen and moulds; pollution and pet dander;  tobacco smoke; chemical irritants in the workplace; etc.

Diagnosis

As explained by Dr Sheetu Singh, clinical history and breathing tests are useful in diagnosing asthma. Spirometry, a test of lung function, is useful in the diagnosis of asthma. However, most people with asthma don’t know it, and many cases go undiagnosed.

Treatment

Dr Sheetu Singh can help you manage your asthma symptoms, but unfortunately, there is no cure. Asthma can be controlled with inhalers and other medications now on the market. In addition, regular exercise and other forms of physical activity can help alleviate asthma symptoms.

The theme for World Asthma Day 2023

Since most cases of asthma and deaths from the disease occur in developing nations. In 2023, “Asthma Care for All” will be the focus of World Asthma Day, as chosen by GINA, the Global Initiative for Asthma.

In 2022, “Closing Gaps in Asthma Care” will be the topic of World Asthma Day.

“Enough Asthma Deaths” was the topic for World Asthma Day in 2020. 

This year’s World Asthma Day was centred on the slogan “STOP for Asthma.” This motif stands for assessing symptoms, administering tests, observing results, making assessments, and modifying treatment. Asthma checkup camps are organised worldwide by the Global Initiative for Health (GINA). The National Institutes of Health (NIH) also hosts medical clinics where asthmatics can get free exams and medication.

The History of World Asthma Day

Over 35 countries marked World Asthma Day in 1998, coinciding with the first World Asthma Meeting in Barcelona, Spain. Asthma Awareness Day has rapidly grown to become the largest such event globally. The program aims to provide information to help people with asthma and other allergic disorders better manage their symptoms.

How do people commemorate World Asthma Day?

Asthma Awareness Day 2018 will occur on May 3, designated as Asthma Awareness Month. NAEPP is a group effort to raise awareness and get people to take action on asthma. People with Asthma are urged to document their treatment goals, including drug and location preferences, in an Asthma Action Plan (AAP).

By bringing together physicians, patients, and everyone involved in caring for those with asthma, NAEPP has taken a major step towards regaining disease control.

About GINA on World Asthma Day

The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) plans and executes World Asthma Day annually. GINA selects a new topic for the event every year.

Asthma Day is a global event, and GINA is responsible for coordinating all of the production and delivery of event materials and resources worldwide and running the World Asthma Day Internet Headquarters.

Some Activities that are Performed

• To kick off the finest asthma treatment possible, free checkup camps are organised.
• New asthma clinics and pharmacies are set up in those places that need them.
• Several national Asthma Societies have commemorated World Asthma Day.
• Messages like “fighting asthma with every breath” are shown on television and in the press to raise public awareness.
• Asthma disease, its symptoms, precautions, and prevention are the subject of classes offered at several schools.
• Posters and banners raising awareness of asthma are widely disseminated.

Conclusion

If you have Asthma, you should see Dr Sheetu Singh. Dr Sheetu Singh is an internationally recognised interstitial lung disease and pulmonary intervention expert. She garnered valuable expertise as a student at SMS Medical College and a visiting fellow at the Cleveland Clinic in the United States. She has worked with patients with asthma, COPD, TB, and sleep apnea as an associate professor at SMS Medical College. She has published extensively on her research at both the national and international levels.

Best Doctor for Asthma Treatment in Jaipur : In 2019, asthma affected an estimated 262 million people and killed 4,55,000 people. Asthma symptoms can be controlled with inhaled medication, allowing patients with asthma to live a normal, active life. The majority of asthma deaths occur in low- and lower-middle-income countries, where underdiagnosis and undertreatment are frequent.

Asthma is a serious noncommunicable disease (NCD) that affects both children and adults and is the most common chronic ailment in children. Asthma symptoms are caused by inflammation and narrowing of the tiny airways in the lungs, which can include any combination of coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness.

WHO is committed to improving asthma diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring to lower the global burden of NCDs and move closer to universal health coverage. Dr. Sheetu Singh has also expanded her expertise in Asthma. She is a well-known Asthma specialist doctor in Jaipur, Rajasthan. She is successful in building a reputable clientele base.

Causes of Asthma

Several factors have been linked to an increased chance of having asthma while identifying a single, direct cause is typically challenging.

• Those who have other allergy disorders, such as eczema or rhinitis, are more susceptible to developing asthma
• Asthma is more common in families when other members have asthma, particularly close relatives such as a parent or sibling
• Early childhood experiences affect the developing lungs and can increase the risk of asthma. They include low birth weight, preterm, tobacco smoking, and other types of air pollution, as well as viral respiratory infections.
• Asthma prevalence rises with urbanization, most likely due to a combination of lifestyle variables
• Environmental allergens and irritants such as indoor and outdoor air pollution, house dust mites, molds, and occupational contact with chemicals, fumes, or dust are also known to raise the risk of asthma
• Children and adults who are overweight or obese are at a higher risk of having asthma

Check the effects of dust, and aerosol on patients with asthma.

Asthma Symptoms by Asthma Expert of Jaipur

Asthma symptoms fluctuate from person to person. You may experience rare asthma episodes, symptoms only at certain times (for example, when exercising), or symptoms all of the time. Asthma symptoms and indicators include:

• Pain or chest tightness
• Shortness of breath
• Wheezing when exhaling is a common symptom of asthma in youngsters
• Coughing or wheezing attacks are exacerbated by a respiratory illness, such as the common cold or the flu
• Sleeping issues are brought on by shortness of breath, coughing, or wheezing

Asthma symptoms for some people worsen in the following scenarios.

• Exercise-induced asthma may be exacerbated if the air is cold and dry
• Occupational asthma, irritants in the workplace such as chemical fumes, gases, or dust
• Allergy-induced asthma is aggravated by airborne things such as pollen, mold spores, cockroach feces, or skin and dry saliva particles shed by dogs (pet dander).

Diagnosis of Asthma

Here’s a brief overview of the diagnosis of asthma disease:

• Physical examination by a healthcare provider
• Lung function tests, such as spirometry, measure how much air you can exhale and how quickly you can do it
• Allergy testing to identify possible triggers
• Imaging tests, such as chest X-rays or CT scans, to rule out other conditions
• Keeping track of symptoms with a peak flow meter or symptom diary

Treatment by Asthma Specialist

Here’s a brief overview of the treatment of asthma disease:

• Inhalers, including quick-relief (bronchodilators) and long-term control medications (steroids)
• Allergy medications, such as antihistamines or nasal sprays
• Immunotherapy (allergy shots) for those with allergies as a trigger
• Lifestyle changes, such as avoiding triggers like smoke, dust, or pet dander
• Emergency treatment, such as oxygen therapy or nebulizers, for severe symptoms or attacks.

It’s important to work with a healthcare provider to create an individualized asthma management plan that fits your specific needs and symptoms.

When to See An Asthma Specialist Doctor?

Severe asthma attacks can be deadly. See the best asthma specialist doctor, Dr Sheetu Singh about what to do if your signs and symptoms worsen- and when you require immediate medical attention. Asthma emergency symptoms include:

• The quick deterioration of shortness of breath or wheezing
• Shortness of breath when conducting little physical activity
• Even after utilizing a pain reliever inhaler, there was no improvement

You can also consult with the best asthma specialist doctor in Jaipur on the emergency line at 8696666380.

World Hemophilia Day is celebrated on 17th April every year, seeking to improve awareness of hemophilia and other inherited bleeding disorders. The day is celebrated in honor of Frank Schnabel, founder of the World Federation of Haemophilia (WFH). The meta-analysis revealed that the inherited bleeding disorder affects over 1,125,000 men worldwide, with 418,000 suffering from a severe form of the disease that often goes undiagnosed. This represents a significant increase from the previous estimate of 400,000 individuals globally with the disorder.

Haemophilia is a medical disorder, mainly inherited, in which the capacity of blood to clot is substantially decreased so that even a little injury can produce major bleeding. Haemophilia is caused by a mutation or change, in one of the genes, that provides instructions for manufacturing the clotting factor proteins needed to generate a blood clot.

What is The World Federation of Haemophilia (WFH)?

The World Federation of Hemophilia (WFH) is an international non-profit organization that is dedicated to improving the lives of people with hemophilia and other inherited bleeding disorders. Some key facts about the WFH include:

• The WFH was founded in 1963 and is based in Montreal, Canada.
• The organization has a global network of member organizations in more than 140 countries.
• The WFH works to improve diagnosis, treatment, and care for people with hemophilia and other bleeding disorders through a range of programs and initiatives.
• The WFH advocates for access to safe and effective treatment for all people with bleeding disorders, regardless of where they live or their ability to pay.
• The WFH is committed to advancing research and education in the field of bleeding disorders to improve outcomes for patients.
• The WFH organizes World Hemophilia Day, which is celebrated annually on April 17 to raise awareness about bleeding disorders and the challenges faced by people living with them.
• The mission of WFH is to improve and sustain care for people with inherited bleeding disorders worldwide.

World Hemophilia Day Theme

This year The International theme is “Access for All: Prevention of Bleeds as the global standard of Care”. The purpose is to increase access to treatment and care with an emphasis on better management and prevention of bleeds for all people with bleeding disorders.

What is Hemophilia?

Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that affects the body’s ability to clot blood properly. People with hemophilia have low levels of certain clotting factors, which are proteins in the blood that help control bleeding. This means that they may bleed for a longer time than others after an injury, or they may bleed internally without any obvious injury.

Due to the genetic mechanisms responsible for determining the sex of a child, hemophilia is more prevalent among males than females. It is a quite rare disease, every 1 in 10,000 people is born with it.

Types of Hemophilia

There are two main types of hemophilia:

1. Hemophilia A: Hemophilia A is the most common form and is caused by a deficiency of clotting factor VIII.

2. Hemophilia B: Hemophilia B, also known as Christmas disease, is caused by a deficiency of clotting factor IX.

Both types are inherited, meaning they are passed down from parent to child through their genes.

Symptoms | World Hemophilia Day

Hemophilia is typically diagnosed in childhood, and symptoms can range from mild to severe depending on the level of clotting factor present in the blood. Here are several symptoms of hemophilia, which have been described below:

• There is bleeding into the joints and muscles
• Big bruises or nosebleeds
• Spontaneous bleeding (sudden bleeding inside the body for no clear reason)
• Prolonged bleeding after getting a cut, removing a tooth, or having surgery
• The severity of hemophilia symptoms can vary depending on the type of hemophilia and the individual’s clotting factor levels.
• People with severe hemophilia may experience frequent and severe bleeding episodes, while those with mild hemophilia may only experience bleeding symptoms after surgery or significant injury.
• Other symptoms of hemophilia may include swelling, pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion in the affected joints.

Treatment

With proper treatment and management, people with hemophilia can live relatively normal and healthy lives. Here are some treatments for Hemophilia which have been given below:

• Replacement theory is the primary treatment for hemophilia. Treatment for hemophilia typically involves replacing the clotting factors that are missing or not working properly in the blood.
• Concentrates of clotting factor VIII (for Haemophilia A) or clotting factor IX (for Haemophilia B) are slowly dripped or injected into a vein. These infusions help to replace the clotting factor, that is low or missing.
• In addition to clotting factor replacement therapy, people with hemophilia may also need to take medications to prevent bleeding or to manage pain.
• Other treatments for hemophilia may include physical therapy, which can help improve joint mobility and prevent joint damage.
• It is important for people with hemophilia to work closely with their healthcare providers to develop a comprehensive treatment plan that meets their individual needs.

Indian Scenario of Haemophilia

• The World Federation of Hemophilia’s 2017 Annual Global Survey reported that there were over 196,000 people living with hemophilia worldwide in that year.
• India had the highest number of cases among country-wise data, with nearly 19,000 reported cases.
• It is estimated that around 80% of cases are unreported, indicating that the actual number of people with hemophilia may be close to 200,000.

 

Registered Cases 

India – 18,966

US – 30,000-33,000

China – 14,390

Brazil – 12,432

France – 7,524

World – 1,125,000

 

 

A study by The American Journal of Managed Care (AJMC) found that, per 100,000 males, there are:

• 17.1 cases for all severities of hemophilia A
• 6.0 cases of severe hemophilia A
• 3.8 cases for all severities of hemophilia B
• 1.1 cases for severe hemophilia B

Per 100,000 males, the prevalence at birth is:

• 24.6 cases for all severities of hemophilia A
• 9.5 cases of severe hemophilia A
• 5.0 cases for all severities of hemophilia B
• 1.5 cases of severe hemophilia B

People with hemophilia who are born in upper-middle-income countries will have a 64% reduction in their chances of living a normal lifespan with good quality of life, while those born in middle-income countries will have a 77% reduction. In low-income countries, the reduction can be as high as 93%.

How to Celebrate World Hemophilia Day

Numerous events are organized every year on World Hemophilia Day, filled with educational presentations and other events that promote awareness of the disease and those who suffer from it. If you’re unable to attend, you could consider sending a donation to the World Federation of Hemophilia to assist support their fight against this crippling disorder, especially in the poorest parts of the world.

Another thing you could do is find the World Federation of Hemophilia’s Facebook page and proceed to share some of the many infographics they post in order to help your Facebook friends become more informed as well.

Event of World Hemophilia Day

World Hemophilia Day aids in the recruitment of volunteers for the world federation of Hemophilia as well as the fundraising of funds for patients who cannot afford hemophilia treatment. Every year on World Hemophilia Day, a variety of activities, including lectures and other activities, are planned to raise awareness of the condition and those affected by it.
By bringing hemophilia and other hereditary bleeding diseases to the attention of policymakers, we can improve long-term and equitable access to care and treatment. The Covid-19 epidemic and the situation in Ukraine continue to touch the globe, but one thing hasn’t changed: we are still in this together and will always be more potent as a community in our shared purpose of “treatment for all”.

FAQs

• What is the significance of World Hemophilia Day?

Every year on April 17th, World Hemophilia Day is celebrated. It is celebrated all over the world as a day of Awareness for Hemophilia (sometimes written as haemophilia) and linked with bleeding disorders, as well as the World Federation of Hemophilia founder Frank Schnabel’s birthday.

• Who does hemophilia affect the most?

Both two major forms of hemophilia occur more commonly in males than in females. The most common type of condition is Hemophilia A; 1 in 4,000 to 1 in 5,000 males all over the world are born with this disorder. Hemophilia B occurs in approx 1 in 20,000 newborn males all over the world.

• How do we celebrate World Hemophilia Day?

To show your support for World Hemophilia Day and those affected by bleeding disorders, light a red lamp in your home, office, or local landmark. This simple gesture can help raise awareness about the challenges faced by individuals with bleeding disorders.

• Why male are more affected by hemophilia?

In males, there is only one copy of most genes on the X chromosome, while females have two copies. This makes males more susceptible to X-linked genetic disorders such as hemophilia. Hemophilia is caused by a mutation in either the factor VIII or factor IX gene on the X chromosome. If a male inherits an affected X chromosome with a mutation in either of these genes, he will develop the disease.

• What is unique about hemophilia?

Hemophilia is a genetic blood disorder that affects clotting and leads to slow or stop clotting, resulting in prolonged bleeding. This condition arises when there is a deficiency in the normal amount of clotting factors that aid in blood coagulation. Healthcare providers manage hemophilia by replenishing the deficient clotting factors to restore the blood’s ability to clot effectively.

Video: World Hemophilia Day

Types of Allergy: Allergies develop when your immune system reacts to foreign material- such as pollen, bee venom, or pet dander- or a food that most people do not react to. Antibodies are chemicals created by your immune system.
When you have allergies, your immune system develops antibodies that identify a particular allergen as deadly, even if it is not. When you come into contact with an allergen, your immune system’s reaction may cause inflammation of your skin, sinuses, airways, or digestive tract. Read the full article to know more about allergy types.

Allergies Types  by Immunologist/Allergist 

An allergy occurs when your immune system perceives a certain substance as dangerous. It responds by eliciting an allergic reaction. Allergens are chemicals that cause allergic reactions in people.
Allergies come in a variety of forms. Some allergies are seasonal, while others occur throughout the year. Certain allergies might last a lifetime. It is vital to collaborate with your doctor to build an energy management plan. Here are some most common types of allergies given below:

1. Drug allergy

Real medication allergies affect just a small percentage of the population. Most drug reactions are not allergic, but rather a side effects of the medication’s qualities. The patient’s history and symptoms are frequently used to make a diagnosis of the cause of the medication reaction. Skin testing for medication is sometimes performed.

2. Food allergy

Food allergies are caused by your immune system responding to particular foods. Although it is unclear why this occurs, certain foods are more likely to induce an allergic reaction in some persons. One of the most prevalent allergenic foods is Cow’s milk.

3. Insect allergy

The most frequent stinging insects that trigger an allergic reaction include bees, wasps, hornets, yellow jackets, and fire ants. Insects that do not sting can potentially trigger allergic responses. The most frequent are cockroaches and the insect-like dust mite. Allergies to these two insects may be the most common cause of allergy and asthma year-round.

4. Latex allergy

An allergic reaction to natural rubber latex is known as a latex allergy. Natural rubber latex gloves, balloons, condoms, and other natural rubber objects contain latex. A latex allergy can be dangerous to one’s health.

5. Mold allergy

Fungi are mold and mildew. Mold allergies can occur all year since fungi thrive in so many areas, both indoors and outdoors. Coughing, itchy eyes, and other unpleasant symptoms can be caused by mold allergies. Mold allergy medication can help keep allergic reactions under control.

6. Pet allergy

Allergies to furry pets are frequent. It is critical to understand that there is no allergy-free (hypoallergenic) breed of dog or cat. An allergic reaction to proteins contained in an animal’s skin cells, saliva, or urine is known as a pet allergy.

7. Pollen allergy

Pollen is one of the most prevalent seasonal allergy triggers. Many people refer to pollen allergy as “hay fever.” but professionals call it “seasonal allergic rhinitis.”
It happens when allergens, such as pollen, enter your body and your immune system incorrectly recognizes them as a threat. If you have allergic rhinitis, your body reacts to the allergen by releasing chemicals that produce nasal symptoms.

Dr. Sheetu Singh is the best allergist/immunologist in Jaipur. Consult with her to know more about the types of allergy and how can we treat them.

Also, read about Nose Allergies (Hay Fever).

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is an uncommon immune system condition that affects your lungs. Bird fancier’s lung, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, farmer’s lung, hot tub lung, and humidifier lung are all names for this disease. HP occurs in some people after they breathe in certain substances in the environment, such as the skin cells shed by animals with fur or mold. These substances activate the immune system and cause short-or long-term lung inflammation. This inflammation prevents the lungs from working properly and can make breathing difficult. 

What is Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

Some types of hypersensitivity pneumonitis can be treated by avoiding the trigger or by taking medications, without treatment, HP can result in permanent lung damage. HP is a type of allergy that causes inflammation in your lung’s small air sacs (alveoli). Your symptoms may be acute and disappear quickly, or they may develop over time and become chronic. Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis is an interstitial lung disease. It can eventually cause lung scarring.

Causes of hypersensitivity pneumonitis 

HP is caused by inhaling substances(allergens) that provoke an immunological reaction in your lungs. This can harm your lungs and worsen your symptoms over time. Around 300 different causes of HP have been identified, including: 

1. Bacteria.
2. Certain chemicals and metals.
3. Molds and fungi.
4. Animal and plant proteins. 
5. Humidifiers, air conditioners, and ventilation systems.
6. Food contamination or factory products.
7. Bird dropping, feathers, and animal furs.
8. Contaminated fluids from metalwork.
9. Hay or gain for feeding animals.
10. Hardwood dust.
11. Hot tubs.

Symptoms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis 

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis symptoms can be transient or persistent. Acute symptoms appear within a few hours of being exposed to an allergen and might linger for several hours or days. Chronic symptoms might emerge gradually and worsen with time. 

Symptoms of acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis 

1. Shortness of breath(dyspnea)
2. Chest tightness.
3. Dry cough.
4. Muscle aches.
5. Fever.
6. Fatigue.
7. chills.

Symptoms of chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis

• Cough.
• Shortness of breath, particularly after effort or activity.
• Weight loss.
• Fatigue.
• Finger or toe clubbing.

Treatment of hypersensitivity pneumonitis 

Treatment for HP can help avoid lung scarring and alleviate your symptoms. Avoiding the chemical, bacterium, or other things that caused your ailment is frequently the first step in treatment. you may not always know what is causing it. 

 You may also require one or more of the therapies listed below:

• Medicines: to soothe your immune system or relax the muscles in your airways to make it easier to breathe.
• Pulmonary rehabilitation: to improve your quality of life by learning how to breathe more easily.
• Oxygen therapy: if you have low oxygen levels in your body.
• Lung transplant: if your lungs are severely injured and no other therapeutic options are available to you. 

If HP is not treat properly, it can result in pulmonary hypertension, permanent lung damage, or heart failure. 

How can you manage it at home?

The steps listed below can assist you in managing your condition:

• Get regular medical care.
• Engage in frequent physical activity.
• Obtain routine vaccinations.
• Quit smoking. 

Dr. Sheetu Singh, director OF ILD & pulmonary rehab center and nationally renowned pulmonologist, is an expert in hypersensitivity pneumonitis-related disorders. Consult with her to know more about this disease, and if you feel any kind of symptoms regarding this. 

When you feel an itchy, painful, and irritating feeling in the back of your throat, and troubles you during swallowing, it is most likely a acute sore throat. It is medically referred to as pharyngitis. There are many reasons responsible for this throat problem, the most common being viral infections such as colds or flu. Many bacterial agents can also cause sore causes and require medical attention, along with antibiotics for complete recovery and prevent further complications. 

Acute sore throat: Symptoms, causes and treatment

Major symptoms of sore throat include the following:-

1. Itchy sensation in the throat 
2. Painful swallowing
3. Pain while talking 
4. Hoarse voice 
5. Inflammation in tonsils 
6. Symptoms might be accompanied by other symptoms, which are a result of infections caused by certain infectious agents. 

• Fever 
• Coughing 
• Running nose 
• Sneezing 

The severity of the symptoms depends on the type and cause of the infection. However, acute sore throat if caused by any of the pathogenic agents will show the above-mentioned indications. Difficult swallowing or drooling might also be seen in children which is because of their inability to swallow as it is painful. Adults experience a few more indications of the problem that might include: 

1. Swelling around the neck 
2. High and persistent fever
3. Blood in the mucus
4. Difficulty in opening your mouth

Causes: –

Major possible causes of acute sore throat include viral and bacterial infections. People with weakened immune systems, catch hold of these viral and bacterial diseases more often than others. Recurring infections can cause recurring pharyngitis. Viral diseases that can cause core throat include Influenza, pneumonia, the common cold, COVID-19 infection, measles etc. Streptococcus infections are the major cause of sore throat in the bacterial category. 

Other than bacterial or viral diseases, many factors can cause this problem, some of them are listed below: 

• Allergy

People who are allergic to a certain substance are often triggered by the allergens and begin to experience this problem when the allergic responses begin to occur. Allergens make the throat itchy and cause a feeling of discomfort because of inflammation in the throat. This might last for a few days. 

• Throat muscle strain

This is produced because of loud talking or yelling or continuous talking for long hours such as in the case of teachers. Continuous vocal activity can strain the throat muscles and make the throat sore. 

• Dry air 

 As in the case of longer uses of AC nowadays, the air indoors becomes much dry and can irritate the cells of our throat when inhaled. This causes inflammation or itchiness because the throat is rough. 

• Gastroesophageal reflux

 when the acid from your stomach flows backwards into your oesophagus it is called GERD, this can cause a burning and painful sensation in the throat. 

Treatment: 

The principle of treatment depends upon the identification of the cause of the same. In cases of Gastroesophageal reflux, antacids are recommended. However, for any bacterial infection, antibiotics are suggested to help eliminate the disease and hence its symptoms. In cases of allergies, anti-allergic medication might be of great help. There are certain remedies advised by Dr Sheetu Singh, which can help you ease out the pain and discomfort caused by a sore throat. 

• Drinking warm liquids is the best method to ease the cells of the throat and prevent scratchiness. 
• Avoid yelling or loud talking or prolonged talking to relax your throat muscles and put them at rest for proper and quick healing. 
• Avoid using ACs to control the dryness of your room. Moise air helps our throat to get rid of dryness. Adding a humidifier or vaporizer can be of extra help. 
• Reduce outdoor activity for some time to avoid coming in contact with pollutants or allergens. 

Community acquired Pneumonia or CAP is also pneumonia, but is caused outside the hospital, and is acquired outdoors in the public. So, People who have not been to any healthcare facility recently can acquire pneumonia from other sources outside the hospital premises. Pneumonia is an infection caused in the lungs and affects normal breathing, leading to difficulties in usual respiratory health. This infection inflames the air sacs of our lungs. The lungs are the site of the exchange of gases, intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide. The inflamed air sacs find it difficult to perform their routine function. The inflammation is accompanied by the deposition of fluids inside the air sacs of the lungs.  

What Is Community Acquired Pneumonia – Dr Sheetu Singh

Bacterial pathogens are present in the air around us, being microorganisms that can easily thrive in the environment around us. Different bacteria can cause pneumonia in adults, that includes, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Influenza viruses, Adenoviruses and Coronaviruses can also induce pneumonia in people. Pneumonia caused by the pathogens can be fatal and serious. These pathogens are released in the air during coughing or sneezing in droplets and can be inhaled by a healthy person. So, the droplets contain the causative organism and can infect the person inhaling it, making the disease contagious. 

Symptoms of CAP: –

Typical symptoms of community-acquired pneumonia include: 

• Fever 
• Coughing
• Chest congestion and pain
• Dyspnea 
• Nausea 
• Diarrhea

Atypical symptoms can vary from person to person and is different in adults and children too. 

Adults experience symptoms such as nails and lips turning blue because of lack of oxygen in the blood, restlessness, sound while breathing, and excessively thick and sticky mucus. 

Diagnosis: –

Fatality is the biggest threat in respiratory diseases, as the lungs are the primary site for controlling breathing patterns. If there is not enough oxygen being supplied to the body, there are chances of failure of the organs and their activities. A pulmonologist can advise, based on the symptoms, whether or not the disease falls in the category. Yet, diagnostic tests are required for a confirmed prognosis. 

The tests include the following methods:

• Chest X-Ray 
• CT scan 
• Blood tests for a primary check-up. 
• Blood pressure and oxygen levels. 
• Blood culture for etiology 
• Sputum sampling for exact pathogenic identification.
• COVID-19 tests 

Who is at risk? 

Certain people are more at risk than others. Some of the conditions are as follows:

1. People with weak immunities are more prone to the disease as their immune systems fail to eliminate the causative organism. 
2. Smokers have a higher chance of getting infections in their lungs. 
3. COPDs also increase the chances. 
4. Problems such as kidney failure. 

Treatment: 

Experts, after a confirmed diagnosis of the disease, can advise a person to be put on antibiotics. These anti-bacterial agents can help to eliminate the pathogen if at all it is caused by a bacterium. The type of antibiotic depends upon the cause of the disease. Then, medication is accompanied by certain therapies or even surgery if needed. If the lungs are severely damaged because of the infection, surgeries might be a help. 

Oral medication takes a long time to completely cure the disease, but the effects can be seen within a few days after the start of the medication. 

People with a high risk of fatality are also put on a ventilator for extra support. 

Precautions: 

There are certain precautionary measures which are suggested by Dr Sheetu Singh, that we need to follow, especially if we are infected. 

• Avoid crowded places to avoid catching the microbes causing the infections and the ones suffering from it might not spread it to others. 
• Do not avoid medication to eliminate the infection from our lungs. 
• Wear masks to prevent it from spreading. 
• Take warm liquids to keep our throat healed and moist. 
• Complete the course of antibiotics. 
• Take a balanced diet to improve your immunity. 

Cancer is any abnormal growth of cellular mass due to the deposition of damaged cells dividing uncontrollably. It can be can spread from one part of the body to the other part. Cell division is a normal process of our body to replace damaged or worn-out cells, new cells replace the old cells during normal cell division, as every cell of our body has a life span of its own. Lung cancer process of cell division is highly regulated by different proteins and cell signalling mechanisms. If such a well-regulated mechanism fails to control normal cell cycle, and division, lumps of a cell are formed at different sites where the cell division disturbances occur. 

Lung Cancer: Causes and Stages 

In humans, lung cancer develops in the lungs. A lung cancer occurs when abnormal divisions of cells take place in the lungs. It can either occur in the bronchi or the alveoli. As obvious from the name itself, the lungs are the organs that control breathing, if the alveoli or bronchi are affected by the tumour formation, there will be difficulty in breathing along with other symptoms, that might or might not resemble other lung disorders. 

Causes:-

According to Dr Sheetu Singh, Lung cancer formation occurs when the division rate is more than the required rate of cell division by the body. Normal cells have programmed cell death, and prevent unnecessary cell division, but cancerous cells fail to “switch off.” The cell division can be irregular and continuous. The lump of cells can become a tumour if there is an accumulation of cells in large numbers. This uncontrolled cell division can be unpredictable but many factors can be associated with this irregular growth of cells, which might include inhalation of harmful substances such as asbestos, arsenic or nickel etc., which can cause mutation in the normal cells. 

The major cause of cancer in the lungs is smoking. Passive smoking and active smoking both cause the formation of an irregular mass of cells that is not control by the body’s natural mechanism to eliminate abnormal cells. This tissue can then develop into a tumour. Tumours can either be restricted to their site or origin or can spread through body fluids to other parts of the body as well. 

Types:-

It is generally possible to categorize lung cancers into two broad categories:

– Small cell lung cancer- This type of lung cancer occurs in about 15-20% of total people, that too in heavy smokers. It is a less common form of lung cancer but is more aggressive than NSCLC. Because of its aggressive nature, cancer may be more difficult to cure or less responsive to treatments. 

– Non-small cell lung cancer- NSCLC makes up a total of 80-85% of total lung cancer cases and is the most common type of lung cancer. This type of cancer includes adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma. NSCLC responds to the therapies used as a part of cancer treatment. 

Stages:-

Like any other cancer, lung cancer also develops and spreads in stages, if remains undiagnosed and untreated. The progression of stages of lung cancer includes stages from zero to four. 

• Initially, stage 0 occurs in the bronchi.
• Stage I is inside the lung and the tumour has not outgrown the lungs. 
• Stage II cancer is larger than stage I and has started spreading out to the lymph nodes which are inside the lungs. 
• Stages III and IV are advancements in the tumours, as stage III includes tumour growth even to the lymph nodes outside the lungs and stage IV includes cancer formation in the other lung too. 

Such progression of cancer decides the severity of cancer and hence the life of a person. Early diagnosis can lead to successful treatment with both therapy and medicine. In cases of fast tumour growth, it crosses the stage beyond which the treatment becomes impossible.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is a broad term for diseases such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Just like any other respiratory disease, these diseases also cause difficulty in breathing thus affecting our routine lives. If conditions remain undiagnosed and untreated, they can lead to permanent and irreversible lung damage.  COPD is a progressive condition of the respiratory tract showing mild symptoms initially that intensify with time. The correct diagnosis followed by the required precise treatment can slow down and eventually cure it. 

What Is COPD – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment – Dr. Sheetu Singh

Although many of the symptoms resemble, there is a difference between COPD and Asthma. COPD is a chronic condition that is mostly caused by smoking. Asthma, however, is also a chronic disease but is triggered by a variety of allergens. It is certainly possible, a person might have both conditions and hence would require treatment for both. 

Causes of COPD: 

The major cause of COPD is smoking tobacco which accounts for 90% of the diagnosed cases but there are other possible causes too. 

• Air pollutants that can damage our airways. 
• Passive smoking i.e., inhaling the smoke released by the smoker. 
• Absence of alpha-1 antitrypsin which is an enzyme that protects our lungs from the effects of inflammation. Lack of this enzyme can lead to emphysema. This makes it a genetic disorder too but is uncommon. 
• Pollutants present at the workplace that include smoke, dust, fumes, etc. 

Symptoms: 

Symptoms of COPD are not noticeable unless there is remarkable lung damage affecting our breathing patterns and routine lives. The condition progressively worsens if remains unnoticed for a longer period. 

• The symptoms include any of the following: 
• Difficulty in breathing, especially during any physical activity
• Wheezing sound (such as observed in asthma) 
• Chest congestion 
• Fatigue
• Production of mucus increases
• In severe cases, the color of mucus changes with time, also there is a specific odor produced
• Presence of blood in sputum
• Loss of weight in later stages
• Increased and frequent respiratory infections
• Fever 
• Headaches 

Symptoms can worsen if a person continues to smoke or is exposed to smoke regularly. 

If you observe any of the above-mentioned symptoms, especially if they are regular or there is the presence of blood in the sputum, you must immediately consult your health expert. A pulmonologist can help you diagnose the exact condition and prescribe the medication needed for immediate relief as well as a prolonged cure. Dr. Sheetu Singh is a known pulmonologist who has hands-on experience in curing such long-lasting ailments. Book an appointment if you observe any of such symptoms, or your lips and nails turning blue lately for expert advice. 

Treatment: 

Treatment for COPD can be a blend of medication, therapy, and lifestyle changes. If the condition is severe, surgeries can be recommended, especially in cases of severe lung damage.  

Medication includes the use of bronchodilators and corticosteroids. Bronchodilators are taken usually by an inhaler or a nebulizer and help to reduce the tightness of the muscle present around our airways. Corticosteroids can help to lower the production of mucus and can reduce inflammation. 

A person who has developed this condition is also advised to make changes in their lifestyle that includes: –

• Balanced diet to provide nutrition to the body
• Regular physical activity
• Avoid smoking, both active and passive. 
• Taking regular medication as prescribed.